For nearly 700 miles along the American border with Mexico, a wall already exists.
It passes through the silt deserts of Sonora, where cacti grow like organ pipes. Farther east, heavy steel X-frames cut through the flat miles of sun-bleached grass like battlefield markers. In Texas, the red-tinged beams that make up parts of the border fence are cold, hard and rough to the touch. In Tijuana, two fences – one old, the other more recent – plunge all the way into the ocean, where waves corrode the stanchioned metal.
CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO
Phoenix
San Diego
TEXAS
Houston
El Paso
Austin
Currently fenced
sections of border
Tucson
Ciudad
Juárez
Tijuana
San Antonio
Nogales
PACIFIC
OCEAN
U.S.
MEXICO
BAJA
CALIFORNIA
GULF OF
MEXICO
Guerrero
Chihuahua
Hermosillo
Brownsville
Hidalgo
SONORA
COAHUILA
CHIHUAHUA
Reynosa
Monterrey
NUEVO
LEON
TAMAULIPAS
The New York Times | Border fencing data via Reveal, from The Center for Investigative Reporting
The border spans 1,900 miles across four states – California, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. Where a fence already stands, the surrounding dirt and grass tell the stories of those who try to cross it, those who patrol it and those who live next to it.
There are old cell phones between the beams. Wind-torn plastic bags with toothpaste and toothbrushes inside. Discarded clothing. Scattered sunflower seeds, spit out by Border Patrol agents sitting in their vehicles as they watch, and watch, and watch.
About 40 miles past Ciudad Juárez, the wall of metal mesh abruptly ends, like a half-finished thought. The remaining border is marked by the Rio Grande. But hundreds of miles in rural Texas, including Big Bend National Park, are unfenced and lack any man-made barriers or walls whatsoever.
MEXICO
Tijuana
Tijuana
BAJA
CALIF.
Nogales
In Tijuana, two border fences run the length of the city: one of corrugated metal rusted by time, and another, a few hundred feet away, of dense metal fencing draped in concertina wire.
The walls sweeps past homes, highways and parks before plunging into the ocean. One resident recalled a few migrants drowning in the surf while trying to cross, subsumed by the waves.
Bryan Denton for The New York Times
ROBERTO RAMÍREZ
TIJUANA, MEXICO
Build two walls, or three
walls, it’s not important. Those
who want to cross will cross.
walls, it’s not important. Those
who want to cross will cross.
Roberto Ramírez, 46, remembers when there was no wall – merely cables running between wooden posts to casually mark the division. Children played soccer in the open fields while parents planted cucumbers and tomatoes. Now, with two walls, he wonders what the point of another would be. The desperation that forces migrants to seek opportunity in the United States won’t be stopped with physical barriers, he says, no matter how big – or how numerous – they are.
MEXICO
Nogales
El Paso
Ciudad
Juárez
Nogales
SONORA
Bryan Denton for The New York Times
Like a metal curtain, the wall cuts through the undulating hills of Nogales, a border town where long lines of traffic, both of vehicles and people on foot, make the daily trek from side to side.
The wall here is made of tall steel beams in rows. The current version is new enough that teenagers still remember its construction. Outside of town, the wall slices through the vacant and arid countryside. From a hilltop, the vista is one of division, separating communities on either side.
Bryan Denton for The New York Times
JOSE PABLO SANCHEZ CARILLO
NOGALES, MEXICO
Through each year of my life,
this wall has grown. I don’t
know, it seems like the distance
between us just keeps growing.
this wall has grown. I don’t
know, it seems like the distance
between us just keeps growing.
José Pablo Sanchez Carillo, 18, lives directly beside the wall in the Buenos Aires neighborhood, where he grew up. He bristles at the idea that Mexico will be forced to pay for a new wall. On a recent day, he sat outside with friends, talking about President Trump’s promise to bill Mexico for it. “This guy is supposed to be a billionaire, right?” he asked. “Why the hell can’t he pay for it himself, then? He’s the one who wants it.”
MEXICO
Ciudad Juárez
El Paso
Ciudad
Juárez
CHIHUAHUA
Guerrero
Bryan Denton for The New York Times
Through deserts, mountains and golden pastureland, the border wall transforms from 20-foot hulking metal panels, to battered sheeting along desolate stretches of sand, to X-shaped barriers on the open plains. At times, it disappears in the knuckled ridgelines of border mountains.
About 40 miles outside of Ciudad Juárez, a midpoint along the border, the border fence halts abruptly. Many towns have been emptied by crime and drug trafficking. Elsewhere, rows of wheat and alfalfa fill the farmland along the edge of Mexico. If a new wall comes, farmers wonder what will happen to their fellow Mexicans, and even to Americans who rely on migrant labor.
Bryan Denton for The New York Times
CATARINO NUÑEZ
CIUDAD JUÁREZ, MEXICO
If the president of the U.S.
throws out all of the Mexicans,
who will harvest the fields?
throws out all of the Mexicans,
who will harvest the fields?
Catarino Nuñez, 74, was working his land, preparing to irrigate a field of wheat. He inherited the land from his father, and has worked it for most of his adult life. He recalls when the wall went up behind his parcel, and the effect it had on migration and labor. Migrants passing by on the way to work American fields stopped and helped with his harvest. Now, finding the extra help has grown harder.
UNITED STATES
El Paso
El Paso
TEXAS
Ciudad
Juárez
Guerrero
In this city of 680,000, the border fence juts up against neighborhoods, playgrounds and $400-a-month apartments. It is a two-story wire-mesh structure atop a concrete slab, with layers of older chain-link fencing in front of it. After school, the ice cream van makes its rounds parallel to the fence on Charles Road.
Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times
MANNYS SILVA RODRIGUEZ
EL PASO
We’re so used to seeing people
crossing over that we just
see them and say, ‘Oh, O.K.’
crossing over that we just
see them and say, ‘Oh, O.K.’
Mannys Silva Rodriguez, 58, and her husband were in their backyard in a neighborhood known as Chihuahuita when their dog started barking one recent afternoon. As they watched, a group of people on the other side of the border fence hooked a ladder to it and climbed up. Then, three men and a woman used one of the fence beams to slide down while Ms. Rodriguez and her husband, Miguel, worked on their son’s pickup truck.
“We could see them jumping over,” she said. “We’re so used to seeing people crossing over that we just see them and say, ‘Oh, OK.’”
Ms. Rodriguez has lived here her entire life. “At first, we were opposed to it,” she said of the current wire-mesh fencing, which was built around 2008. “We were so used to all of the greenery from the Rio Grande and the canal. We had the trees and then this came up. We didn’t like it at first. But then we got used to it.”
MEXICO
Guerrero, Coahuila
Guerrero
COAHUILA
Hidalgo
Brownsville
Reynosa
Mauricio Lima for The New York Times
A small, colonial town, Guerrero sits on the edge of the Rio Bravo. Though the town has been named a Pueblo Magico — a designation granted by the federal government for its historic preservation and charm — a sense of fear lingers on the streets, thanks to an increase in criminal activity along the border. Residents say armed men and gang members have appeared suddenly in the past five years, seizing farmland.
Mauricio Lima for The New York Times
ENRIQUE CERVERA
GUERRERO, COAHUILA, MEXICO
I am actually glad he is
building that wall, because
maybe it will help undermine
all those illegal activities.
building that wall, because
maybe it will help undermine
all those illegal activities.
Enrique Cervera, 78, the town chronicler in Guerrero works at an archive in City Hall. He recalled a time when Americans came to visit their relatives on Christmas, trips that ceased as violence began to increase in the area. As a historian of sorts, he takes the vow to build a wall in stride, at least when compared to past hostilities with the United States – such as the Mexican-American war, when his nation lost swathes of territory to its northern neighbor.
MEXICO
Reynosa
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Brownsville
Reynosa
TAMAULIPAS
Mauricio Lima for The New York Times
Reynosa is a place where illegal immigration, drugs and weapons converge. Numerous stores have shut down, and though the main international crossing is busy at all times of day, many residents say the movement across the border has slowed ever since a turf war between cartels struck the city.
Nightclubs used to be full of Americans, and dentists and medical practices were once filled with American patients, residents say. That has changed, but many people here still have relatives, friends or children who live or work in the United States.
Mauricio Lima for The New York Times
AGUSTÍN RAMÍREZ
ADALBERTO JOSÚE ARGÜELLES, MEXICO
There would be very very
few of us over there if the
borders were as protected and
surveilled as they are today.
few of us over there if the
borders were as protected and
surveilled as they are today.
Agustín Ramírez operates tractors in the corn fields on the outskirts of Reynosa. He says he used to be a migrant smuggler and lives a little more than half a mile away from the Rio Bravo, the border with the United States. “We use to swim this river all the time in the old days,” he said. “No one cared. No one was watching. That all has changed. Now they catch everyone.”
UNITED STATES
Hidalgo, Tex.
TEXAS
Guerrero
Hidalgo
Brownsville
Reynosa
Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times
At the edge of this town of 13,000, the border fence lines the Old Hidalgo Pumphouse, a decommissioned water-irrigation facility that is now a museum and birding center. One afternoon behind the pumphouse, teenagers on hoverboards sped by on the biking trail, as residents ordered teriyaki chicken at the nearby Rock & Roll Sushi.
Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times
SELENA AGUIRRE
HIDALGO, TEX.
This is basically saying,
‘Don’t come here. You’re
not welcome here.’
‘Don’t come here. You’re
not welcome here.’
Selena Aguirre, 20, a student at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, stood on the biking trail, pondering the fence here. It was not a cohesive barrier but a jumble of obstacles – a chain-link fence stretching out in the distance on one end, a towering steel-beam fence directly behind the pumphouse with a vehicle-entry gate and an old concrete chest-high wall at the other end.
“It’s a metaphor,” Ms. Aguirre said as she stood in front of the steel fence. “This isn’t a wall and it’s not really a fence.” She pointed to the chain-link fence and the concrete wall on either end. “That’s a fence and that’s a wall. This is neither. This is basically saying, ‘Don’t come here. You’re not welcome here.’ It’s a barbaric way to take care of a situation.”
UNITED STATES
Brownsville, Tex.
TEXAS
Guerrero
Brownsville
Hidalgo
Reynosa
Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times
Here in the southernmost point on the border with Mexico, the fence serves as the backdrop of everyday life. It forms the back of bus stops and cuts alongside schools and an old golf course. One day in this city of 180,000, two horses grazed in a rural area while tied to the fence’s steel beams – with the border fence as a hitching post.
Tamir Kalifa for The New York Times
TONY ZAVALETA
BROWNSVILLE, TEX.
The fact that the construction
and the investment of billions
of dollars is going to begin
again is almost laughable.
and the investment of billions
of dollars is going to begin
again is almost laughable.
Tony Zavaleta, 69, drove his pick-up truck here on a dirt road. He stopped and looked out toward an empty spit of overgrown brush and trees, with a border fence – a line of vertical spikes atop a solid concrete base. This used to be his late father’s land, until the federal government seized it to build the fence during the Bush administration. His family was paid $3,500 for roughly three acres.
“They put the border wall right through the middle of it,” he said. “The federal government didn’t ask me. They could have made a call, sent a letter. No, they just sued us. It’s not a good feeling.”
Mr. Zavaleta is opposed to Mr. Trump’s wall. “The fact that the construction and the investment of billions of dollars is going to begin again is almost laughable,” he said, adding that he preferred the current transparent fencing to any potential solid wall. “When you have a solid wall, there’s no question that you have the feeling of being boxed-in.”
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