Wednesday, March 8, 2017

Across the Parched Prairie, Fires Scorch 2,300 Square Miles

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Firefighters near Protection, Kan., this week. Dry conditions have helped fuel the flames. Credit Bo Rader/The Wichita Eagle, via Associated Press
Wildfires raging across four states, fanned by winds and fueled by a drought-starved prairie, have killed at least six people and burned more than 2,300 square miles.
Winds in western Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle were easing somewhat on Wednesday, but weather officials said that conditions were challenging for fire crews and were expected to worsen on Thursday and Friday, renewing concerns about getting the fires under control.
“These conditions will make it somewhat easier for firefighting efforts, but far from perfect,” Bill Bunting, forecast operations chief for the Oklahoma-based Storm Prediction Center, told The Associated Press. “The fires still will be moving.”
“The ideal situation is that it would turn cold and rain,” he said, “and unfortunately, that’s not going to happen.”
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The National Weather Service has issued a critical fire risk warning from the Texas Panhandle into Oklahoma, Kansas and western Missouri.
Phillip Truitt, a specialist with the Texas A&M Forest Service, told Reuters that because of the high-risk days ahead, “we’re trying to get these fires buttoned up as fast as we can.”
It was not clear what started the fires, but Mr. Bunting said human activity — such as a cigarette thrown from a car or a spark from a catalytic converter — was most often the culprit. Lightning accounts for 25 percent of wildfires.
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Smoke billows from fires along State Highway 61 in Hutchinson, Kan. The fumes have sent some people to hospitals. Credit Travis Morisse/The Hutchinson News, via Associated Press
Among the dead are three ranch hands in the Texas Panhandle who were trying to herd cattle away from the flames. Judge Richard Peet, the top administrator of Gray County, Tex., told local news outlets that three people — two men and a woman — had been killed by a wildfire that flared Monday afternoon.
The Amarillo Globe-News published profiles of the victims on Wednesday.
One man, Cody Crockett, 20, was on horseback; his girlfriend, Sydney Wallace, 23, was nearby on foot, Judge Peet told reporters. Ms. Wallace, he said, was unable to escape the fumes and died of smoke inhalation.
Mr. Crockett and the third victim, Sloan Everett, 35, who was also on horseback, suffered burns, Judge Peet said.
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A smoke-shrouded sunrise in Denver on Monday. Credit David Zalubowski/Associated Press
Nearly six million people live in areas at risk for critical wildfire conditions, including Tulsa, Okla., Oklahoma City and Kansas City, the Storm Prediction Center said. Forecasters said conditions were also ripe for fires in Iowa, Missouri and Nebraska.
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Smoke rises from the ruins of a home destroyed by a large brush fire near Haxtun, Colo. Credit Joe Amon/The Denver Post, via Associated Press
Kansas officials said that in addition to the homes and buildings destroyed, the fires had killed an unknown number of livestock in several counties.
Many animals maimed by the fire had to be killed. Larry Konrade of Ashland, Kan., told The Wichita Beacon that he had killed at least 40 cows, “and in a lot of places, there weren’t even very many left alive to put down.”
“All in all, I’d guess I seen between 300 and 400 dead cattle,” said Mr. Konrade, who spent the day helping a rancher. “It was just a matter of putting animals out of their misery, doing them a favor. They were going to die anyway.”
The extent of the damage in some areas was not known, The Hutchinson News in Kansas reported, because officials have been unable to survey the area.
In Kansas, at least nine helicopters have been put into service to fight the fires.
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Travis Pohlman checks for hot spots in the Highlands area north of Hutchinson, Kan. Credit Lindsey Bauman/The Hutchinson News, via Associated Press
A dashcam video of a Kansas state trooper captured him rescuing a stranded truck driver and then driving through thick smoke and fire.
The trooper, Tod Hileman, posted a video on Facebook of the fire near Wilson, in central Kansas. After the fire jumped across part of Interstate 70, he said, he began turning people around before they drove into it. He said he waved off about 20 cars and two tractor-trailers before the fire crossed the opposite lanes.
He can be heard on the video telling a truck driver who became stuck to “get in.”
Oklahoma’s governor, Mary Fallin, declared a state of emergency on Tuesday in 22 counties because of the wildfires, and Gov. Sam Brownback of Kansas has signed a state of disaster emergency declaration.
In northeastern Colorado, near the Nebraska border, firefighters battled a blaze that had burned more than 45 square miles and destroyed at least five homes and 15 outbuildings, with no serious injuries.
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Gusting wind scorched grasslands in Protection, Kan. Credit Bo Rader/The Wichita Eagle, via Associated Press
Officials in the states affected by the wildfires have not released estimates of the economic losses caused by damaged or destroyed homes, businesses and livestock — or the expense of firefighters’ efforts to put out the flames. But it is expected that those costs will run well into the millions of dollars.
During last year’s massive wildfire along the Kansas-Oklahoma border, firefighting costs reached $1.5 million in Barber County, Kan., which was hardest hit. The county’s emergency management chief, Jerry McNamar, told The A.P. that the economic losses included 750 to 800 cattle that died, along with at least 2,700 miles of fence, worth $27 million, that was destroyed.
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Spring Came Early. Scientists Say Climate Change Is a Culprit.

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By the 2017 calendar, the first day of spring is March 20. But spring leaves arrived in mid-January in some parts of the South, and spread northward like a wave. The map above plots the date of “first leaf,” a temperature-based calculation of when vegetation that has been dormant starts to show signs of life. This year, with the exception of a few small areas, the wave has arrived much earlier than the 30-year average.
An early spring means more than just earlier blooms of fruit trees and decorative shrubs like azaleas. It can wreak havoc on schedules that farmers follow for planting and that tourism officials follow for events that are tied to a natural activity like trees blooming. Some plant species that bud early may be susceptible to a snap frost later, and early growth of grasses and other vegetation can disrupt some animals’ usual cycles of spring feeding and growth.
First leaf can vary greatly from year to year and location to location, but the general long-term trend is toward earlier springs.
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FIRST LEAF INDEX
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The new research shows a strong link between global warming and the very warm February that helped to drive the extremely early spring this year. For the entire continental United States, February 2017 was the second warmest on record, and mean temperatures were especially high east of the Rockies: as much as 11 degrees Fahrenheit above normal.
The study, by scientists working as part of a group called World Weather Attribution, looked at the influence of climate change on the temperatures, using models of the atmosphere as it exists and of a hypothetical atmosphere with no greenhouse gas emissions and thus no human-driven climate change. They found that a warm February like the one just experienced is about four times more likely in the current climate than it would have been in 1900, before significant emissions began to change the climate.

Tuesday, March 7, 2017

In the Caves of Ancient Humans, Stories Told Dot by Dot

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At left, a limestone slab found at Abri Cellier in France that depicts a mammoth using what researchers say is a pointillist technique. At right, a drawing highlighting the shape made by the dots. Credit R. Bourrillon
In 1884, Georges Seurat strategically placed dots atop a canvas, leading people to believe they were looking at an image of park-goers lounging along the Seine River in France. The technique was known as pointillism, and it seemed new at the time. But 38,000 years ago, people living inside caves in southwest France were doing something similar, according to findings published last month in Quaternary International.
“Their skills speak of a very high ability to observe in detail what surrounded them and reproduce it with great economy of means,” said Vhils, a Portuguese street artist who is known for his own chiseling of dots and lines into walls, and was not involved in the study.
These pointillist creations of early modern humans were recently discovered when scientists revisited Abri Cellier, a cave site in France’s Vézère Valley. There, they found 16 limestone tablets left behind by a previous excavation. Images of what appear to be animals, including a woolly mammoth, were formed by a series of punctured dots and, in some cases, carved connecting lines. Combined with previous images from nearby caves in France and Spain, the tablets suggest an early form of pointillism, and a very early point on art history’s timeline.
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Archaeologists during excavations at Abri Cellier, a cave site in France’s Vézère Valley, in 2014. Credit M. Azéma
“Imagine the first time a human convinced someone else that a line, or a group of lines is an animal,” said Randall White, an anthropologist at New York University who led the excavation. “Today we live in an extremely visual culture, and we digest and interpret, on the run, a million different kinds of illusions that we take to be reality,” he said. It is impossible to say that this was a magical moment when humans invented art. But in these tablets, he thinks he and his team may have gotten close.
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Step back, 38,000 years to what are now the forests of southwestern France. There lived the Aurignacians, Europe’s earliest known modern humans, a hunter-gatherer society. In the steppe grasslands, they stalked reindeer, mostly. Horses, aurochs (ancient bison), woolly mammoths and rhinoceroses were also around.
During winters much colder than the ones in France now, one group of Aurignacians lived beneath a rock shelter, about 20 feet deep and 67 feet long. Across its open mouth, suspended animal skins trapped the heat from a fire. Someone butchered a reindeer. Another person made ornamental beads of ivory and animal teeth. Their bodies, which were probably painted with ochre, were covered in animal skins, which were painted, too. Someone also decorated the ceiling, walls and tablets with images of vulvas and animals.
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An image of a rhinoceros, made in a pointillist style, found in Chauvet Cave in France. Credit C. Fritz
“In circumstances where we’d probably have a tendency to sit in a corner by the fire and shiver,” Dr. White said, the Aurignacians “are engraving, and painting and making ornaments.”
About 10,000 years later, the ceiling of this cave collapsed in such a perfect way that it preserved all the stuff they left behind. Some archaeologists found it in 1927, and put some of what they excavated in museums. But they left behind 16 tablets that appeared to have been turned over just after they were made, for some unknown reason. Nearly a century later Dr. White returned with an international team of 21 scientists and even more student volunteers to find them. When the undersurface of the first tablet was revealed, Dr. White got chills.
There was no paint, but someone had taken the dull tip of a flint stone just half the size of a person’s palm and punctured the surface. Dots formed in the shape of an animal. In other tablets, the dots were connected.
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An engraved image of an auroch, an ancient bison, discovered at Abri Blanchard in France. Credit Musée national de Préhistoire
In a paper published in January, Dr. White and his colleagues revealed a similar engraving of an auroch, in Abri Blanchard, another French cave. Combined with dotted images which were first painted on hands and then stamped onto walls in Chauvet Cave, they think the Aurignacians had their own artistic style. It was kind of like connect the dots.
Their subject matter was something more abstract and meaningful than simply dinner, Dr. White said. Dinner was reindeer, primarily, but no reindeer art has been found. The animals used for their body art were also depicted in their wall art. “They’re painting what’s good to think, not eat,” Dr. White said.
Dr. White does not think the art in these caves is the root of Western art, because modern Europeans are not genetic descendants of these cave dwellers. This cave art outlived its creators, who did not hand down their pointillist techniques to European artists tens of thousands of years later.
“All of this stuff got invented, but it’s not continuous,” Dr. White said. “It may well have just disappeared or transformed into something else.” The Aurignacians’ techniques probably developed independently, and the pointillist style employed by Seurat later emerged.
“One of the most interesting things I’ve learnt through my work is how history has a way of repeating itself, despite the change in social and material circumstances,” Vhils wrote in an email. “And these findings seem to reinforce this view.”

Sunday, February 26, 2017

The Murders of My Colleagues

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Socorro Rosas López, mother of the murdered journalist Pedro Tamayo Rosas, with her other sons at Mr. Rosas’ funeral in July 2016 in Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, Mexico.CreditDaniel Berehulak for The New York Times
MEXICO CITY — A year ago, at least eight gunmen in military fatigues stormed the home of the crime reporter Anabel Flores near the city of Orizaba and dragged her away from her pleading family. The next day her body was found on a road; she was dead at 32, just a few weeks after giving birth to her second child.
In May and August, police arrested two suspected members of the Zetas drug cartel for the killing, but haven’t released their names or more details, leading the Committee to Protect Journalists to report that “the case remained opaque” — like the homicides of so many of her colleagues here.
Last year was one of the most deadly for Mexican reporters in recent history. Even the total number of victims is hard to pin down, thanks to botched investigations and confusion about how many of the dead officially worked as journalists. But most press groups count at least nine slain here in 2016, some as many 16. Reporters Without Borders said Mexico was the third most perilous country in the world for journalists, after Syria and Afghanistan — in other words, the most perilous outside a declared war zone.
When these annual numbers were released in December, they didn’t make much of a splash. People have become accustomed to grizzly stories of Mexican gangsters dragging reporters from their homes, ambushing them in their cars or leaving severed heads outside their newsrooms. Since 2000, the total journalist body count here has reached 100, according to the press freedom group Article 19. The murder of Mexican journalists is old news.
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Reporting from Mexico since 2001, I have written stories about journalists being shot or decapitated or disappearing more times than I can count. At one point, I was working in an international news agency when a colleague raised the question of whether we should continue to cover media murders at all anymore. Are they actually more important than the other 20,000 or so homicides that happen every year in Mexico?
I argued we should. The least we can do is publicize their names, give a last tribute to their work. But it’s more than that. The murder of journalists is not only the killing of human beings; it is also an attack on free speech. It has turned many parts of the country into black holes, granting immunity to corrupt officials.
Most journalists murdered in Mexico work for smaller media outlets in the provincial towns and cities where the state is weakest and organized crime strongest. The killers feel they can target reporters with minimal consequences. And they are right.
The national and international news media need to keep covering these journalists’ stories to both show solidarity and create pressure for justice. In an age when journalism is under attack from all sides, we need to defend our profession, and that starts with stopping our colleagues from being murdered.
Press freedom groups, including Mexico’s Periodistas de a Pie, have done great work training reporters in security measures like identifying escape routes before they go into difficult areas. Hundreds of threatened journalists have also enrolled in a protection program run by the federal government since 2012, getting panic buttons with which they can alert police if they are in trouble, or occasionally assistance moving to a different, safer city.
But these measures don’t do anything to fix the problem at its source. If we want criminals to stop killing journalists, we need something else: justice. Murder investigations are often handled by ineffective, and sometimes suspect, state prosecutors. In some cases, victims are kidnapped in one state and killed in another, leading to different prosecutors handling, or too often manhandling, the evidence.
A key problem is that local officials are often working with the drug cartels, and occasionally were even themselves involved in the attacks. A police officer in Oaxaca State was arrested in the killing of a journalist last year. The year before, an arrest warrant was issued for a mayor in Veracruz State for the murder of another reporter.
There is a designated federal prosecutor for crimes against journalists, but his office takes only a limited number of cases that fulfill particular legal requirements — like evidence that local police were involved. But the circumstances around a lot of the killings are murky, so many of the probes are left to those local officials.
The end results are poor. In at least two-thirds of journalist murders last year, no one was even arrested. When there were arrests, the police often acted suspiciously, sometimes refusing to release the names of the suspects.
One solution would be to make the office of the federal prosecutor on journalists head the investigation of every single media homicide. The office needs to have the resources and teeth to take on the difficult cases and reduce the impunity. And it should be responsible for solving those cases; if it doesn’t, the prosecutor should be replaced.
By taking the cases away from the states, you move them farther from the corruption networks that may be complicit in the journalists’ murders. And you push them into one central office that press groups can deal with — and pressure for results. But it needs to be transparent in its investigations. The Committee to Protect Journalists puts profiles of each case on its website, information that the special prosecutor itself should be providing.
Mexico is knee deep in problems, including rampant corruption that strangles the economy. Journalists are a key part of the solution, but they can expose the country’s rot only if they have the basic protection from being murdered. We should not become accustomed to the killing of our colleagues.